Saline Soils In Bangladesh

In saline soil excess amount of salts are present. Mainly NaCl is present in high amount. Salts of Mg, K, Ca also present in saline soil at low concentration. A white crust of salts is deposited on the surface of soil due to salinity. So other name of saline soil is white alkali. 

Characteristics of saline soil:
Normally pH remains below 8.5 ( 7.0 to 8.5 ) in saline soil. Electrical  conductivity values remain greater than 4dS/m. In saline soil exchangeable sodium percentage is less than 15 at 250 c.  The surface of coastal soils are slightly to moderately saline and sub-surface layers and substrata of the soils are highly saline.

Salinisation:
The process by which salts are accumulated in the soils is known as salinisation.  Flooding of coastal water is the main cause of salinisation.  There are some others factors such as a) tidal action, b) depth of the ground water table and salt deposits, c) the nature of the soils, d) the effect of the river system and their discharges, e) precipitation and f) the slope of the ground and the proximity to drainage channels.

Causes  of  salinity:
1. Poor drainage system of agricultural lands and seepage of saline water  to the lands.
2. Irrigation with the high salt containing water  to the agricultural fields.
3. Continuous  shrimp cultivation in agricultural land is a major cause of introducing  salt in soils.
4. High water table with high salt concentration in coastal area increases the possibility of introduction of saline water in coastal area.
5. High temperature and low rainfall also increase the salinity in saline soils.
6. Weathering  of salt containing  parent materials  is one of the major cause of the increasing salinity in soils.
7. Tidal flooding is the main cause of introduction of saline water.
8. In dry season, capillary movement of  saline water ( upward ) causes salinity in soils.

Location of saline soil:
More than 2.9 ha land of Bangladesh is affected by saline water. Every year it is increasing. Chittagong, Barishal, Noakhali, Khulna and Patuakhali  districts are mostly affected by saline water.
The AEZs that are affected by saline water are
1. Gangas Tidal Floodplain  ( AEZ 13 )
2. Young  Meghna Estuarine Floodplain ( AEZ 18 )
3. Chittagong Coastal Plain ( AEZ 23 )
4. St Martin’s Coral Island (AEZ 24 )

Constrains to crop productions:
1. Water use efficiency  is reduced.
2. Occurrence of organic soil and extreme acid sulphate soil is one of the major constrains.
3. It reduces nitrate absorption.
4. In dry season that means in Robi season crop cultivation is hampered.
5. There is lack of fresh surface and ground water.
6. It inhibits germination of crop seeds.
7. Breakdown of soil aggregates is occurred.
8. Also ionic imbalance in soil is occurred.

Management of saline soil for crop production:
1. Flooding with fresh water is very effective though it is sometimes difficult.
2. Fertilizers should be applied in balance.
3. Irrigation must be done before sowing seeds or transplanting.
4. Higher seed rate and close planting is a effective practice against saline soils.
5. We have building embankment to control saline water in coastal area.
6. Application of organic matter and green manure during dry season.
7. Reducing shrimp cultivation in coastal area.
8. Cultivating  salt tolerant crops.

Result of salinity:
1. Growth of plants and yield reduced detrimentally.
2. Degradation of land is occurred.
3. The quality of water is reduced.
4. Infrastructures near the coastal  area or saline soil are damaged rapidly than non coastal area.

Factors Of Cropping Pattern Of A Locality

Cropping pattern of different locality are depend on some factors of that locality. Factors are categorized into some broad term such as Weather, Soil, Social condition, Production inputs and price, Mechanization facilities, Government policy and Natural calamities.

Weather: humidity, day length, rainfall, temperature are main points or factors of cropping pattern.
Humidity: Some crops like tea grow well in high humidity. So humidity is a factor.
Day length: Potato grows well in short day length where wheat, onion need long day length.
Rainfall: Tea needs heavy rainfall where barley and chickpea grow in arid climate.
Temperature: In temperate countries wheat grows well where in sub tropical area rice is grows well.

Soil: Soil conditions such as soil pH, salinity, ground water table, soil topography and soil texture are also determinants of cropping pattern.
Soil pH: tea grows in acidic soil where coconut needs alkaline soil to grow well.
Salinity: Crops are not grow well in saline soil. So we need to develop saline tolerant varieties for saline area. But few crops like tomatoes and broccoli may grow in moderately saline water.
Ground water table: Shallow rooted crops do not grow well in that area where water table is low.
Soil topography: Sesame, pineapple, zinger, turmeric etc grows well in those land which are not under flood water but pulses, oil seeds grows well in those land where little flood water comes usually.
Soil texture: Sweet potato, groundnut, water melon grows well in sandy land but rice needs clay or sandy clay soil.
Soil water : rice needs more soil water than any other crops.

Social condition: Some social conditions are determinants of cropping pattern. Mainly these are problem of under developed and developing countries.
Financial condition: Poor farmer can not grow expensive crops like sugarcane, Banana etc. Because these crops need high initial cost.
Transport problem: Poor communication facility is the major determinants in a locality.
Market price: Good market price influence the farmer to grow crops.
Food habit: The crops that are not present in the food habit in a locality, are not grown at that locality.
Storage facility: Where there are no storage facility, farmers of that locality usually do not grow vegetables.
Attitude of farmer: Some times farmers do not want to adopt modern technology.

Production inputs:It is the direct regulator of cropping pattern of region. If there is no available inputs, farmer will not go for production.

Mechanization facilities: If there is no extraction facility, farmer will not cultivate oil seeds, if there is no shelling facility farmer will not go for corn cultivation.

Government policy: Good government policy, crop insurance and facility influence farmer to grow a particular crop of a certain area.
Natural calamity: Cyclone, flood etc are the factors of coastal area and drought is factor of arid region.

Classification of Agricultural farming System

There are some ways to classify the farming system of agriculture. We can classify this type farming on the basis of agricultural land availability, on the basis of farm enterprise, on the basis of ownership of the area of the farming land, on the basis of enterprise number and on he basis of availability of water of the farming area.

Classifications:
On the basis of agricultural land availability we can classify the agricultural farming system into two system and they are extensive farming system and intensive farming system.
when more land is available for cultivation and by increasing the cultivation area we produce more crops and yield, then it is called extensive farming system. when in a farm intensive care is taken for intensive cropping and increasing production in a unit area by introducing modern technologies and other facilities then it is called intensive farming system.

On the basis of farm enterprise we can classify the agricultural farming system into two category such as specialized farming system and diversified farming system.
If there is an enterprise in a farm and that farm is done specially for that enterprise, this type farm is known as specialized farming system. As for example we can cultivation of wheat, cultivation of maize, cultivation of rice etc. If there are two or more crops or enterprises in diversified condition in a farm then this farming is called diversified farming system. Mixed cropping is a good example of diversified farming system.

On the basis of the ownership of the area of the farming land we can classify farming system into three group. They are estate farming system, co-operative farming system, collective farming system. When government is the owner of the farming land, it is called estate farming system. when a group of farmer create a farm by co-operative and cultivate together, share the products among themselves on the basis of their own land then it is known as co-operative farming system. when government has done a farm on the land of some farmers and the outputs are distributed among the farmers as par the decision of government then this type farming is known as collective farming system.

On the basis of enterprise number we can classify the farming system into two category such as monofarming system and mixed farming system. If a farm has only one enterprise then it is known as monofarming system. Such as fisheries, poultry,crop or livestock farming. If there are two or more enterprise in a farm then it is known as mixed farming. As for example maize with potato, crops with fisheries etc.

On the basis of availability of water in a farm area we can classify farms into rainfed farming system and irrigated farming system. If a farm is totally depend on rainfall then this type farming is known as rainfed farming system. If crop cultivation by irrigated water then this type farming system is known as irrigated farming system.

Integrated Pest Management In agriculture

In short we can say Integrated Pest Management is the way of pest management without doing harm the environment.
Entomological Society of America and FAO Panel of Experts ( in 1967 ) on Integrated Pest Control have defined IPM ( integrated pest management ) as " A pest management system that, in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains the pest populations at below those causing economic injury. "

In 1991 Dent has defined IPM ( integrated pest management ) as " IPM is essentially a holistic approach to peat control that seeks to optimize the use od a combination of methods to manage a whole spectrum of pests as for example weeds, pathogens and insects with in a particular cropping system."
So we can say that  the coordinated application or use of a population of a pest and environmental information, possible and available pest management methods to protect the crops and avoid unwanted level of damage by the most economical means with the minimum causing bad effect to the human health, their property and environment.
So the main object of IPM is management of pest population with keeping the environment friendly.

Principles of IPM:
IPM has three principles and they are:
 First principle is adapting those management which are not harmful for soil and environment, human health and other beneficial insect.
 Second principle is appreciating biological management at first ( when pest population below the economic injury level ), than we can go for chemical management ( when pest population above the economic injury level).
Third principle is focusing on the effectiveness of natural control to minimize the harmful pest population.

Principles of IPM can be applied for anywhere there are pest population in a harmful level or may be harmful in future.

BASIC STEPS OF AGRICULTURAL FARM PLANNING

farming

Basic Steps Of Agricultural Farm Planning
1. Resource list:
When we are going for starting a agricultural farm we must do a list of present resources. The plan become successful when an accurate inventory is done properly.
a. land: We must give top priority when doing a resource inventory for a agricultural farm. It is a fixed resource.
b. building: We must keep the building in the list resource with their size capacity and potential uses.
c. labor: We should consider labor with the term of quantity and quality. It is difficult to measure the labor quality, but special training, experience and skill must be considered.
d. machinery: It is a fixed resource. We must cosider the size capacity and number of the machinery.
e. capital: It is most important for planning a agricultural farm.
f. management: Management means not only overall management ability but also special skill, training, strengths, weaknesses of manager. Best management brings highest yield of a farm.

2. Identifying enterprises:
On the basis of resource inventory,  a farmer must decide to make a farm of crops or livestock or others so that he can get maximum utility from his resources. We must be conscious to include all possible enterprises to avoid missing. we must consider the profit potential of the farm enterprise. We may consider custom and tradition of a locality, this custom and tradition should not be restrict the list of enterprise.

3. Estimation of co--efficient to assess the size or resource for each enterprise:
Enterprises must be well defined on small unit as for example one acre or hectare for crops and one head for livestock.  We must estimate the resource needed for each enterprise ( per unite ). The technical coefficients which a fact and become very much important to determine the maximum size of enterprise and the final enterprise combination.

4. Estimating gross margins:
We estimate the gross margin for a single unit of each enterprise.It is required for the farmer to estimate the yield for each enterprise and expected yield.

5. Developing the whole farm plan:
Identifying the most and important limiting resource and identifying those enterprises with greatest gross margin per unit of resource id the systemic procedure to whole farm planning.

CROPPING SYSTEM

principle of cropping system

Cropping system
The way or pattern in which different crop are grown or cultivated same time in a same field is known as cropping system. We can divided cropping system into two terms such as a) Mixed cropping and b) Inter cropping

Mixed cropping
Growing two or more crops in a particular land at a same time then it is called mixed cropping. Itis done in those areas where climatic hazards are common. Example: wheat with mustard or wheat with barley etc.

Advantages of mixed cropping
1. we can reduce production cost.
2. we can cheek soil erosion, weed etc.
3. it facilitate labor and employment throughout the whole year.
4. soil condition is improved by the combination of legumes and non-legumes.
5. farmer can grow different crops according ( not all times ) to his demand.
6. if any insect or disease attack one crop other crop may not attacked if they are from different family.
7. there is no possibility to fail all crops under a adverse climatic condition. frost kills only legumes, flood kills only dicotplant, drought kills monocot plants.

Principles of mixed cropping:
1. we can select legumes with non legumes. As for example gram with wheat.
2. tall crops may sown with short crops such as maize with mung.
3. if we grow deep rooted crop, there is a another option of shallow rooted crops as for example maize with potato.
4. we can grow bushy crops with erect growing crops such as sugarcane with potato.
5. crops may attack both crops if their family is same. so must select from different family.
6. we may select short duration crops with long duration crops such as sugarcane with mung.

Inter cropping:
If we grow a subsidiary crops between two widely spaced rows of the main crop with keeping the object of utilizing the space left between two rows of main crop and to produce more crops per unit area then it is called inter cropping.

Advantages of inter cropping:
1. soil nutrient of different level is used evenly.
2. the possibility of micro nutrient deficiency is reduced by leaf shedding and subsequent decomposition of leaf and other plat parts.
3. farmer gets more production in a limited area.
4. free space is utilized properly.
5. income is more by inter cropping.
6. fodder value  is high when legume is cultivated with non legume. as for example NAPIER + COWPEA - NAPIER + BERSEEM.

Principle of inter cropping:
1. we must select those crops which have no competitive effect.
2. the subsidiary crop must have short duration and faster growing habit.
3. they must have same agronomic practices.
4. erect growing crops may inter cropped with cover crop to avoid soil erosion.
5. we must not choose the subsidiary crops which pest and diseases is similar with main crop.

List of Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh

AEZs of  Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a agricultural country and near about 80% people of Bangladesh are directly or indirectly involved with agriculture. Bangladesh is a small country but it has different land type in different area. It is a riverine country so maximum area of it's is floodplain and basin type.

We know that AEZ is the area of the nearly same ecological and soil characteristics agricultural crops production. So cropping pattern of a definite AEZ is mostly same. The homogeneity of a AEZ is more prominent in a sub region and most prominent in a unit level.

Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh determined on basis of some definite characteristics and they are physiography (it is defined as soil parent materials and land forms of a particular area), hydrology ( it is determined on the basis of water holding capacity of soil and the water level of agricultural land ), cropping pattern ( it is done on the basis of Length of Rabi and kharif season and major and minor agricultural crops which are cultivated in a particular area ), season ( it is done on the basis of the Depth and duration of seasonal flooding in a particular area ), soil types and tidal activity. 

There are 30 Agro-Ecological Zones in Bangladesh. This 30 AEZ are sub divided into 88 agro-ecological sub region. Again these are divided into 535 agro-ecological units. The 30 AEZ of Bangladesh  are given below  - ( according to the number ) 

1. OLD  HIMALAYAN  PIEDMONT  PLAIN
2. ACTIVE  TISTA  FLOODPLAIN
3. TISTA  MEANDER  FLOODPLAIN
4. KARATOYA-BANGALI  FLOODPLAIN
5. LOWER  ATRAI  BASIN
6. LOWER  PURNABHABA  FLOODPLAIN
7. ACTIVE  BRAHMAPUTRA – JAMUNA  FLOODPLAIN
8. YOUNG  BRAHMAPUTRA  AND  JAMUNA  FLOODPLAIN
9. OLD  BRAHMAPUTRA  FLOODPLAIN
10. ACTIVE  GANGES  FLOODPLAIN
11. HIGH  GANGES  RIVER  FLOODPLAIN
12. LOW  HIGH  GANGES  RIVER  FLOODPLAIN
13. LOW  GANGES  RIVER  FLOODPLAIN
14. GOPALGANJ  KHULNA  BILS
15. ARIAL  BIL
16. MIDDLE  MEGHNA  RIVER  FLOODPLAIN
17. LOWER  MEGHNA  RIVER  FLOODPLAIN
18. YOUNG  MEGHNA  ESTUARINE  FLOODPLAIN 
19. OLD  MEGHNA  ESTUARINE  FLOODPLAIN 
20. ESTTERN  SURMA  KUSHYARA  FLOODPLAIN
21. SYLHET  BASIN
22. NORTHERN  AND  EASTERN  PIEDMONT  PLAINS
23. CHITTAGONG  COASTAL  PLAIN
24. MARTIN’S  CORAL  ISLAND
25. LEVEL  BARIND  TRACT
26. HIGH  BARIND  TRACT
27. NORTH  EASTERN  BARIND  TRACT
28. MADHUPUR  TRACT
29. NORTHERN  AND  EASTERN  HILLS
30. AKHAURA TERRACE

ROLE OF MUSTARD AS A DISEASES PREVENTING OIL SEED AND AS A GOOD HEALTH CARETAKER

ROLE OF MUSTARD AS A DISEASES PREVENTING OIL SEED AND AS A GOOD HEALTH CARETAKER
Mustard is a agricultural crop which is popular for it's oil. From ancient time mustard oil is used as a medicine in different parts of world. Now mustard is cultivated in many countries such as Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Colombia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, India,Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. Mainly mustard is used for oil. Mustard also used as a popular addition to hot dogs,sandwiches, hamburgers, and salads.
Mustard seeds are very beneficial for our health. Because-
1. Mustard contains anti-oxidants which are specialy needed for body to keep us healthy.Minerals and vitamins are also present in mustard.
2. We also get huge amount of calories from mustard. 100 g of seeds of mustard contains 508 calories.

3. Mustard also contains essential oils, dietary fiber, quality proteins.
4. We get stigmasterol, sitosterol, brassicasterol, avenasterol and campesterol which are important sterols for our body to keep us in good health.
5. We also get palmitic acids, eicosenoic, myrosin, oleic, erucic and sinigrin which are important glucosinolate and fatty acids for our health.
6. Essential B-complex vitamins such as  pyridoxine (vitaminB-6), thiamin, folates, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and niacin are also available in mustard. B-complex vitamins are essential for regulating body metabolism, enzyme synthesis in our body and keep nervous system in good work.
7. Mustard are very helpful to keep blood cholesterol at lower level because mustard has niacin (vitamin B-3) which is a portion of essential nicotinamide co-enzymes.
8. Mustard is a good source of carotenoid and flavonoid antioxidants such as lutein, zea-xanthin, and carotenes.
9. Vitamin E a compund which hold our youthness is available in mustard. This vitamin E also act as a good lipid soluble bio-substance. This vitamin-E protect our skin and keep the integrity of cell membrane of mucus membranes in good condition by preventing harmful oxygen-free radicals.
10. Mustard contains Cu and Fe which are essential for production of red blood cells .

Damage and Biological Management Of Aphids in Mustard

Aphid: Lipaphis erysimi
DAMAGE
Aphid is one of the most damaging insect pest and this pest mat reduce the yield 50 to 80%. Both adults and nymphs are harmful. They suck cell sap from all plant parts. Week plant, curled leaves, hindering of flowers and pod formation are the characteristic symptoms of aphid attack. Infested pod become off shape and reduced in size. So oil percentage of the seeds is less.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF APHIDS
We can reduce aphid infestation in mustard crop 50-70% if we do early sowing of Tori-7 variety.
In every time we must give priority to the biological control of insect rather than chemical control of insect to keep our environment pollution free. Also another point which support biological control of insect that is '' sometimes residual of the insecticide or pesticide remain into agricultural crops and this residual chemicals are not good for our health. Neem seed kernel extract or neem oil are very good to control aphids and neem seed kernel are used fro this purpose from ancient time. If we spray  two times neem seed kernel extract or neem oil @ 7 day interval, it will be a effective control measure of aphids in mustard crop field.
LADYBIRD beetle is a predator of aphids. So we can conserve LADYBIRD beetle mustard field to control aphids.
Formulation neem seed kernel extract: At first we have to take 50gm crushed neem seed kernel, then it should be added with 1L water to make a formulation.
Formulation of neem oil: At first we have to take 4 ml neem oil, then it should be added with 2 g detergent/L of water to make a formulation.
Neem seed kernel is better than neem oil.

In case severe infestation we can use chemicals ( insecticide ) such as  Malathion 57EC or other insecticide for aphids control. We must take suggestion of government agricultural officer before applying any chemicals in agricultural crop fields.
But we must remember that chemical is harmful for our health and environment.

Role Of CARROTS AS A Source Of Vitamin A

Carrots are very popular agricultural crop and it is cultivated widely in all countries of the world. Carrot consumed as raw or after cooking.
Role Of CARROTS AS A Source Of Vitamin A
Carrot is a very good source of vitamin a. When we eat carrot in raw form, it release only 3% bita carotene. But we can increased it up to 39% by processing carrots. Usually by pulping, cooking and adding cooking oil, we can increased it bita carotene in available form up to 39%. Also we can do chopping, frying, steaming for releasing up to 39%. This bita carotene is uptaken in human body as vitamin A. But if we eat excessive amount of carrot it causes little harmful to us. Mainly carotenosis is happened. It means skin turns into orange color. An urban legend says if we eat lot of carrot , it will increase our vision power at night. It is says that during second world war, British gunners  ate lot of carrot to increase their eye power so that they can shoot down German planes.

Nutrient present in carrot :  ***
Carrot, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy     173 kJ (41 kcal)
Carbohydrates     9 g
- Sugars     5 g
- Dietary fibre     3 g
Fat     0.2 g
Protein     1 g
Vitamin A equiv.     835 μg (104%)
- beta-carotene     8285 μg (77%)
- lutein and zeaxanthin     256 μg
Thiamine (vit. B1)     0.04 mg (3%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)     0.05 mg (4%)
Niacin (vit. B3)     0.9 mg (6%)
Vitamin B6     0.1 mg (8%)
Folate (vit. B9)     19 μg (5%)
Vitamin C     1.9 mg (2%)
Calcium     33 mg (3%)
Iron     0.3 mg (2%)
Magnesium     12 mg (3%)
Phosphorus     35 mg (5%)
Potassium     320 mg (7%)
Sodium     69 mg (5%)
Percentages are relative to
US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

[Data collected from wikipedia***]

Why DNA methylation Is Important for our body?

DNA methylation is  very important biochemical reaction for cell function in our body. The process by which a methyl group (one carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms) is added to part of a DNA molecule is known as DNA methylation reaction.
DNA methylation is so much important reaction in regulating gene expression for an individual.
Another so and so much important information is that DNA methylation reaction does not allow the expression of the genes which are related for various harmful and fatal disease such as viral and other disease-related genes.
Abnormal DNA methylation is responsible for many disease which are caused by poorly developed gene. It may also cause cancer.

In this case the vegetable named broccoli play a very crucial role for development of strong gene structure by better DNA methylation. Broccoli has shown to inhibit Helicobacter pylori (the bacteria thought to cause gastric ulcers).
The sulforaphane ( sulforaphane is present in broccoli ) plays a vital  role in activating more than 200 different genes in our body actively.
Broccoli also protects men from prostate cancer.
Kidney dysfunction may also caused by disturbance in DNA methylation.
So eat broccoli and keep your body disease free.
If this information is useful please give feedback in comment box. Thanks.

Can Broccoli help us to solve vitamin D deficiency?

Vitamin D is very essential for our health because vitamin D gives support to our bone and teeth. Intestinal absorption of calcium is done by this vitamin D. So the possibility of fracture of bone is reduced, the risk of osteoporosis also reduced after absorption of Ca. A lots of researches have done on vitamin D and also lots of researches are running on this essential vitamin. Some research studies have said that vitamin D can prevent the activities of cancer causing cells. Vitamin D has good performance against the breast cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. Vitamin D is also good for cardiovascular health. Vitamin D is needed by all aged people.

Now it is a question ''Can Broccoli help us to solve vitamin D deficiency?''
Without having any doubt in mind we can say ''obviously yes''. This vegetable helps us not only to solve the vitamin D deficiency but also it heap us Vitamin D is needed in epidemic. If there is a need of large supplemental doses of vitamin D to offset deficiency, in this case vitamin K and vitamin A help us to keep our vitamin D metabolism in balance in our body. A strong combination of both vitamin A (in the form of beta-carotene) and vitamin K is present in broccoli in abundant. The people who wants to  rebuild vitamin D stores through vitamin D supplements, they can eat Broccoli as salad. It will be better for them. Broccoli can provide sufficient amount of vitamin D at raw stage and also at boiled stage.
Broccoli is a ideal vegetable for us because it provides not only vitamin D but also other vitamins such as vitamin A, Vitamin C, vitamin K vitamin B-complex and other necessary vitamins. Broccoli provides different components that can fight against different cancers.

Related posts:
Anti-cancer properties of Broccoli and Other benefits of Broccoli
How does broccoli improve our body's detoxification system?
Usefulness Of Broccoli

How does broccoli improve our body's detoxification system?

How does broccoli improve our body's detoxification system?
Ans: The three glucosinolate phytonutrients substance  present in broccoli (they are Glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiian, and glucobrassicin) work together and this  trio is can support all the reactions of our body’s detox process properly. The process of activation, neutralization, and elimination of unwanted contaminants is helped by this trio. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) which  are knowns as  the detox-regulating molecules produced from broccoli's glucosinolates. At a genetic level, Isothiocyanates (ITCs) help to control the detox process. In this way Broccoli improves our body's detoxification system.
So have a nice meal with Broccoli.

Related posts: 
Anti-cancer properties of Broccoli and Other benefits of Broccoli
Can Broccoli help us to solve vitamin D deficiency?

Usefulness Of Broccoli 

Cholesterol-lowering benefits of Broccoli

Broccoli has cholesterol-lowering benefits. When we cook it by boiling the fiber of it does not destroyed. But this fiber of broccoli can bind together with bile acids in our digestive tract thought they've been steamed. At the time of  binding process, it becomes easier for bile acids to be excreted, as a  result of it, lowering of our cholesterol levels is occurred. But raw broccoli has lower cholesterol-lowering capability.

Nutrients Present In Maize Or Corn

Nutrients Present In Maize Or Corn

Maize or Corn is an Agronomic crop. In many countries maize or corn is used as a main food from ancient time. Maize is very important than any other cereal crops which is used as main food. Maize contains more vitamins and mineral than rice and wheat. Maize and ground dried maize is used as staple food. To produce pozole, tortillas, atole and tamales, maize is used. As a main food or staple food of Mexico various types of food items are prepared by maize.
Maize provides same energy in proportion to rice but maize ( protein 9.4g/100g) provides more protein than rice ( 7.1g/100g ). We get more magnesium from maize ( 120 mg /100 gm ) than rice ( 25 mg /100 gm ). Over all maize provides a balance nutrient than any other crops. Wheat is only one competitor of maize in contrast of nutrient. 

One cup of sweet corn contains-

125 calories,
5 g of protein, 
2.9 g of dietary fiber  
27 g of energy-providing carbohydrates
1.9 g of fat includes no cholesterol
1.4 g of healthy unsaturated fats.
10 mg of vitamin C
B vitamins except vitamin B-12
0.23 mg of thiamine
0.08 mg of riboflavin
2.56 mg of niacin
0.14 mg of vitamin B-6 and 61 mcg of folate
a small amount of vitamins E and K
271 IU of vitamin A ( white corn only has 2 IU)

One serving contains -
3 mg of calcium
0.8 mg of iron
129 mg of phosphorus
392 mg of potassium
0.24 mg of the trace mineral manganese
0.84 g of omega-6 and 0.025 g of omega-3

So maize is a very important crop that can insure not only our food security but also nutrient security.
For the high nutrient value of maize or corn, now poultry feed, dairy feed and fish feed are mixed with or prepare with maize.

Role Of CARROTS As A Disease Preventing Vegetable

Various crops are produced in agricultural farm. This crops are very beneficial to us in many aspects. But we do not know how they are beneficial to us. Maximum time we eat foods to meet up our hungry and for test of the foods. But if we  know the beneficial properties of corps or foods, maximum time we can prevent diseases as vegetables contains diseases preventing compounds or properties naturally.

Role Of CARROTS As A Disease Preventing Vegetable:
If you eat carrot regularly , you need not to take any vitamin A supplements.
Carrot contains potassium and this potassium  helps us in preventing our skin from getting dry. Carrot also contains anti-inflammatory properties.

Carrot helps us to develop mental health.
If we regularly consume carrot , it will reduce our blemishes.

Carrot taking regularly, can cure eczema and it will clean our urinary tract.
There is research funding that says carrot taking with milk at morning regularly can sharp your memory.
Sometimes to cure anemia, row carrot with beetroot and lemon juice is used.
If you want to remove extra fat, you can take the carrot juice with lettuce juice.
If you take Juice of carrot and parsley twice in a day, it will reduces inflammation of bone joints.
To stops nose bleeding carrot paste is applied on forehead and above the nostrils
To stop constipation carrot juice is used.
Vitamin A act as anti-aging agents because it is an anti-oxidant. Vitamin A also improve our vision capacity.
falcarindiol is a component of carrot which act as an anticancer.
Carrot is also prevents to form infection.
 Carrots have beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and lutein, this compound reduce the probability of heart diseases. If you eat 6 to 8 carrots in a day, there is a very less probability of stroke.

If we consume carrot , our teeth and gum also will be healthy.

Anti-cancer properties of Broccoli and Other benefits of Broccoli

Broccoli is a horticultural crop ( Horticulture is a Branch of Agriculture). Broccoli helps as in many ways. As vegetable the demand of broccoli in whole world is increasing rapidly. All types of vegetable is very good for our health. But vegetable like broccoli has some special characteristics such as broccoli has anti-cancer properties that more essential properties needed by us at present.
Anti-cancer properties of Broccoli:
1. Broccoli has diindolylmethane and small amounts of selenium which are known as anti-cancer compounds. By consuming broccoli we can take this in our body to save us.
2. The 3,3'-Diindolylmethane that are present in broccoli acts as a modulator of the innate immune response system and anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity and protect us from cancer.

3. Broccoli has the compound named glucoraphanin that can be processed into an anti-cancer compound that is sulforaphane to protect us.
4. Broccoli provides us indole-3-carbinol that acts as a DNA repair in cells and protect us from breakdown of DNA and from harmful mutation.
5. Indole-3-carbinol that is present in Broccoli  block the growth of cancer cells and protect us from cancer.
6. Indole-3-carbinol also prevent the cells of breast cancer and protect women from cancer.
Other benefits:
1. Broccoli helps us to prevent heart disease effectively.
2. Broccoli reduces the risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
3. Broccoli is a source high amount of beta-carotene that is needed for body.
4. Fiber of broccoli is able to detoxification of excess oil cholesterol in our body.
5. Lutein that is present in broccoli prevents loss of vision due to macular degeneration of old age.

After all above discussion we can say broccoli is very much useful to us. We have to keep broccoli in our vegetable's list. As cure is better than medicine, so we try to protect us from cancer by consuming broccoli. Farmers must grow broccoli by considering the demand of broccoli in market as the demand of broccoli is increasing.

Thanks to all.
If you are benefited from this information , please give a feedback.

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Usefulness Of Broccoli

Usefulness Of Broccoli

broccoli is a agricultural crop. Now this vegetable is cultivated over the world and widely. China is the top producing country ( 8,585,000 tons per year ) of the world and India is 2nd top producing country ( 5,014,500 tons per year ) of the world. Now the demand of broccoli as a vegetable is increasing day by day. So it's production also increasing day by day. As a vegetable broccoli is better than other vegetable.

Broccoli is a very useful vegetable for us. You can not imagine how useful it is!
It is not only is a tasty food but also it has antioxidants and anti-cancer chemicals. Broccoli contents Vitamin-C, dietary fiber, which are needed for our body. Actually Broccoli is famous for anti-cancer vegetable. Broccoli has anti-colon cancer, anti-breast cancer, anti-prostate cancer, anti-bladder cancer and anti-stomach cancer components. It is to eat Broccoli in green stage, because if it is boiled, than the benefits of Broccoli is greatly reduced. Broccoli also acts as a DNA repair. Broccoli also rich in Vitamin K and A which are essential to prevent being early-old.

Broccoli, raw (edible parts)******
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 141 kJ (34 kcal)
Carbohydrates 6.64 g
- Sugars 1.7 g
- Dietary fiber 2.6 g
Fat 0.37 g
Protein 2.82 g
Water 89.30 g
Vitamin A equiv. 31 μg (4%)
- beta-carotene 361 μg (3%)
- lutein and zeaxanthin 1121 μg
Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.071 mg (6%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.117 mg (10%)
Niacin (vit. B3) 0.639 mg (4%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.573 mg (11%)
Vitamin B6 0.175 mg (13%)
Folate (vit. B9) 63 μg (16%)
Vitamin C 89.2 mg (107%)
Vitamin E 0.78 mg (5%)
Vitamin K 101.6 μg (97%)
Calcium 47 mg (5%)
Iron 0.73 mg (6%)
Magnesium 21 mg (6%)
Phosphorus 66 mg (9%)
Potassium 316 mg (7%)
Zinc 0.41 mg (4%)

****** Data is collected from Wikipedia  
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Types of Maize

Maize is a important agronomic crop. It is grow all over the world through the year round. It is main food of many countries. Production of maize or corn is increasing day by day in world because of it's various uses. Maize not only use as a staple food but also used as poultry feed, fish feed, dairy feed etc. After harvesting maize the maize plant is used as compost or mulching material or dairy feed.

Maze can be classified on base of endosperm. In this type they  are 7 types.

1. Dent Corn : It's external appearance is as teeth due to groove created by drying of soft starch. Grain color yellow, white or reddish. Various types of food is prepared from it's flour. Corn chips is produced from this maize.

2. Flint Corn : It's grain surface is round, hard grain, insect resistant, low plant height, grain arranged in 8 rows, narrow cob. Pop corn is produced from flint corn. This corn is better for making hominy. Is is staple food of America.

3. Sweet Corn : It's grains are wrinkled, higher sugar content. It is roasted to consume when it is in immature stage. Cooked sweet corn provides anti-cancer properties by increasing ferulic acid level in our body.

4. Pop Corn : It is known to all. Grain size small, hard grain, used as popping,grain color yellow, sometimes reddish, bluish or brownish, lower plant height etc are the characteristics of this crop.

5. Flour Corn : This type is suitable for flour preparation. Grain color is white or bluish.

6. Waxy Corn : It's grain is soft, look like white candle after breaking. Various waxy products are produced from it.

7. Pod Corn : It's each grain is covered by husk so it is not suitable for commercial cultivation. It is a wild variety of maize. So it is used for breeding material.

Chemical composition of tea

Tea is a very popular drink in world. Tea cultivated mainly in hilly where soil is acidic, high humidity ( heavy rainfall ) is present, good drainage facility for water passing away, partially shade is present.

main components of tea are given below:
polyphelonl - 24 to 28%
caffeine 2.5 to 4.5%
protein 18 to 22%
fiber 24 to 28%
carbohydrate 3 to 5%
pectin 5 to 7%

There  are some components which are responsible different test. Such as caffeine is responsible for bitter test, amino acid is responsible for broth-test, theaflavins is  responsible for astringent test, polyphenol is responsible for astringent test and thearubigin is responsible for ashy and slight astringent test.

There are some biochemical compounds that are responsible for different color. Such as carotene  is responsible for yellow color, theaflavins is respomsible for yellowish brown color, pheophytin is responsible for blackish color, thearubigins is responsible reddish brown, pheophorbide is responsible brownish color and flavonol glycosides is responsible for light yellow color.